C References

Abbasi, Ahmed, Conan Albrecht, Anthony Vance, and James Hansen. 2012. “Metafraud: A Meta-Learning Framework for Detecting Financial Fraud.” MIS Quarterly, 1293–1327.

Aboussalah, Amine Mohamed, and Chi-Guhn Lee. 2020. “Continuous Control with Stacked Deep Dynamic Recurrent Reinforcement Learning for Portfolio Optimization.” Expert Systems with Applications 140: 112891.

Agarwal, Amit, Elad Hazan, Satyen Kale, and Robert E Schapire. 2006. “Algorithms for Portfolio Management Based on the Newton Method.” In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Machine Learning, 9–16. ACM.

Aggarwal, Charu C. 2013. Outlier Analysis. Springer.

Aldridge, Irene, and Marco Avellaneda. 2019. “Neural Networks in Finance: Design and Performance.” Journal of Financial Data Science 1 (4): 39–62.

Allison, Paul D. 2001. Missing Data. Vol. 136. Sage publications.

Almahdi, Saud, and Steve Y Yang. 2017. “An Adaptive Portfolio Trading System: A Risk-Return Portfolio Optimization Using Recurrent Reinforcement Learning with Expected Maximum Drawdown.” Expert Systems with Applications 87: 267–79.

———. 2019. “A Constrained Portfolio Trading System Using Particle Swarm Algorithm and Recurrent Reinforcement Learning.” Expert Systems with Applications 130: 145–56.

Ammann, Manuel, Guillaume Coqueret, and Jan-Philip Schade. 2016. “Characteristics-Based Portfolio Choice with Leverage Constraints.” Journal of Banking & Finance 70: 23–37.

Amrhein, Valentin, Sander Greenland, and Blake McShane. 2019. “Scientists Rise up Against Statistical Significance.” Nature 567: 305–7.

Anderson, James A, and Edward Rosenfeld. 2000. Talking Nets: An Oral History of Neural Networks. MIT Press.

Ang, Andrew. 2014. Asset Management: A Systematic Approach to Factor Investing. Oxford University Press.

Ang, Andrew, Robert J Hodrick, Yuhang Xing, and Xiaoyan Zhang. 2006. “The Cross-Section of Volatility and Expected Returns.” Journal of Finance 61 (1): 259–99.

Ang, Andrew, and Dennis Kristensen. 2012. “Testing Conditional Factor Models.” Journal of Financial Economics 106 (1): 132–56.

Ang, Andrew, Jun Liu, and Krista Schwarz. 2018. “Using Individual Stocks or Portfolios in Tests of Factor Models.” SSRN Working Paper 1106463.

Arik, Sercan O, and Tomas Pfister. 2019. “TabNet: Attentive Interpretable Tabular Learning.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1908.07442.

Arjovsky, Martin, Léon Bottou, Ishaan Gulrajani, and David Lopez-Paz. 2019. “Invariant Risk Minimization.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1907.02893.

Arnott, Robert D, Mark Clements, Vitali Kalesnik, and Juhani T Linnainmaa. 2019. “Factor Momentum.” SSRN Working Paper 3116974.

Arnott, Robert D, Jason C Hsu, Jun Liu, and Harry Markowitz. 2014. “Can Noise Create the Size and Value Effects?” Management Science 61 (11): 2569–79.

Arnott, Rob, Campbell R Harvey, Vitali Kalesnik, and Juhani Linnainmaa. 2019. “Alice’s Adventures in Factorland: Three Blunders That Plague Factor Investing.” The Journal of Portfolio Management 45 (4): 18–36.

Arnott, Rob, Campbell R Harvey, and Harry Markowitz. 2019. “A Backtesting Protocol in the Era of Machine Learning.” Journal of Financial Data Science 1 (1): 64–74.

Asness, Clifford, Swati Chandra, Antti Ilmanen, and Ronen Israel. 2017. “Contrarian Factor Timing Is Deceptively Difficult.” Journal of Portfolio Management 43 (5): 72–87.

Asness, Clifford, Andrea Frazzini, Ronen Israel, Tobias J Moskowitz, and Lasse H Pedersen. 2018. “Size Matters, If You Control Your Junk.” Journal of Financial Economics 129 (3): 479–509.

Asness, Clifford S, Tobias J Moskowitz, and Lasse Heje Pedersen. 2013. “Value and Momentum Everywhere.” Journal of Finance 68 (3): 929–85.

Astakhov, Anton, Tomas Havranek, and Jiri Novak. 2019. “Firm Size and Stock Returns: A Quantitative Survey.” Journal of Economic Surveys XXX: XX–XX.

Back, Kerry. 2010. Asset Pricing and Portfolio Choice Theory. Oxford University Press.

Baesens, Bart, Veronique Van Vlasselaer, and Wouter Verbeke. 2015. Fraud Analytics Using Descriptive, Predictive, and Social Network Techniques: A Guide to Data Science for Fraud Detection. John Wiley & Sons.

Bailey, David H, and Marcos López de Prado. 2014. “The Deflated Sharpe Ratio: Correcting for Selection Bias, Backtest Overfitting, and Non-Normality.” Journal of Portfolio Management 40 (5): 39–59.

Bailey, T, and A.K. Jain. 1978. “A Note on Distance-Weighted K-Nearest Neighbor Rules.” IEEE Trans. On Systems, Man, Cybernetics 8 (4): 311–13.

Bajgrowicz, Pierre, and Olivier Scaillet. 2012. “Technical Trading Revisited: False Discoveries, Persistence Tests, and Transaction Costs.” Journal of Financial Economics 106 (3): 473–91.

Baker, Malcolm, Brendan Bradley, and Jeffrey Wurgler. 2011. “Benchmarks as Limits to Arbitrage: Understanding the Low-Volatility Anomaly.” Financial Analysts Journal 67 (1): 40–54.

Baker, Malcolm, Patrick Luo, and Ryan Taliaferro. 2017. “Detecting Anomalies: The Relevance and Power of Standard Asset Pricing Tests.”

Bali, Turan G, Robert F Engle, and Scott Murray. 2016. Empirical Asset Pricing: The Cross Section of Stock Returns. John Wiley & Sons.

Ballings, Michel, Dirk Van den Poel, Nathalie Hespeels, and Ruben Gryp. 2015. “Evaluating Multiple Classifiers for Stock Price Direction Prediction.” Expert Systems with Applications 42 (20): 7046–56.

Ban, Gah-Yi, Noureddine El Karoui, and Andrew EB Lim. 2016. “Machine Learning and Portfolio Optimization.” Management Science 64 (3): 1136–54.

Bansal, Ravi, David A Hsieh, and S Viswanathan. 1993. “A New Approach to International Arbitrage Pricing.” Journal of Finance 48 (5): 1719–47.

Bansal, Ravi, and Salim Viswanathan. 1993. “No Arbitrage and Arbitrage Pricing: A New Approach.” Journal of Finance 48 (4): 1231–62.

Banz, Rolf W. 1981. “The Relationship Between Return and Market Value of Common Stocks.” Journal of Financial Economics 9 (1): 3–18.

Barberis, Nicholas. 2018. “Psychology-Based Models of Asset Prices and Trading Volume.” In Handbook of Behavioral Economics-Foundations and Applications.

Barberis, Nicholas, Robin Greenwood, Lawrence Jin, and Andrei Shleifer. 2015. “X-Capm: An Extrapolative Capital Asset Pricing Model.” Journal of Financial Economics 115 (1): 1–24.

Barberis, Nicholas, Lawrence J Jin, and Baolian Wang. 2019. “Prospect Theory and Stock Market Anomalies.” SSRN Working Paper 3477463.

Barberis, Nicholas, Abhiroop Mukherjee, and Baolian Wang. 2016. “Prospect Theory and Stock Returns: An Empirical Test.” Review of Financial Studies 29 (11): 3068–3107.

Barberis, Nicholas, and Andrei Shleifer. 2003. “Style Investing.” Journal of Financial Economics 68 (2): 161–99.

Barillas, Francisco, and Jay Shanken. 2018. “Comparing Asset Pricing Models.” Journal of Finance 73 (2): 715–54.

Barron, Andrew R. 1993. “Universal Approximation Bounds for Superpositions of a Sigmoidal Function.” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 39 (3): 930–45.

———. 1994. “Approximation and Estimation Bounds for Artificial Neural Networks.” Machine Learning 14 (1): 115–33.

Barroso, Pedro, and Pedro Santa-Clara. 2015. “Momentum Has Its Moments.” Journal of Financial Economics 116 (1): 111–20.

Basak, Jayanta. 2004. “Online Adaptive Decision Trees.” Neural Computation 16 (9): 1959–81.

Bates, John M, and Clive WJ Granger. 1969. “The Combination of Forecasts.” Journal of the Operational Research Society 20 (4): 451–68.

Baz, Jamil, Nicolas Granger, Campbell R Harvey, Nicolas Le Roux, and Sandy Rattray. 2015. “Dissecting Investment Strategies in the Cross Section and Time Series.” SSRN Working Paper 2695101.

Beery, Sara, Grant Van Horn, and Pietro Perona. 2018. “Recognition in Terra Incognita.” In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (Eccv), 456–73.

Belsley, David A, Edwin Kuh, and Roy E Welsch. 2005. Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity. Vol. 571. John Wiley & Sons.

Ben-David, Shai, John Blitzer, Koby Crammer, Alex Kulesza, Fernando Pereira, and Jennifer Wortman Vaughan. 2010. “A Theory of Learning from Different Domains.” Machine Learning 79 (1-2): 151–75.

Bengio, Yoshua. 2012. “Practical Recommendations for Gradient-Based Training of Deep Architectures.” In Neural Networks: Tricks of the Trade, 437–78. Springer.

Bergstra, James, and Yoshua Bengio. 2012. “Random Search for Hyper-Parameter Optimization.” Journal of Machine Learning Research 13 (Feb): 281–305.

Berk, Jonathan B, Richard C Green, and Vasant Naik. 1999. “Optimal Investment, Growth Options, and Security Returns.” Journal of Finance 54 (5): 1553–1607.

Bertoluzzo, Francesco, and Marco Corazza. 2012. “Testing Different Reinforcement Learning Configurations for Financial Trading: Introduction and Applications.” Procedia Economics and Finance 3: 68–77.

Bertsekas, Dimitri P. 2017. Dynamic Programming and Optimal Control - Volume Ii, Fourth Edition. Athena Scientific.

Betermier, Sebastien, Laurent E Calvet, and Evan Jo. 2019. “A Supply and Demand Approach to Equity Pricing.” SSRN Working Paper 3440147.

Betermier, Sebastien, Laurent E Calvet, and Paolo Sodini. 2017. “Who Are the Value and Growth Investors?” Journal of Finance 72 (1): 5–46.

Bhamra, Harjoat S, and Raman Uppal. 2019. “Does Household Finance Matter? Small Financial Errors with Large Social Costs.” American Economic Review 109 (3): 1116–54.

Bhatia, Nitin, and others. 2010. “Survey of Nearest Neighbor Techniques.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1007.0085.

Bhattacharyya, Siddhartha, Sanjeev Jha, Kurian Tharakunnel, and J Christopher Westland. 2011. “Data Mining for Credit Card Fraud: A Comparative Study.” Decision Support Systems 50 (3): 602–13.

Biau, Gérard. 2012. “Analysis of a Random Forests Model.” Journal of Machine Learning Research 13 (Apr): 1063–95.

Biau, Gérard, Luc Devroye, and GAbor Lugosi. 2008. “Consistency of Random Forests and Other Averaging Classifiers.” Journal of Machine Learning Research 9 (Sep): 2015–33.

Black, Fischer, and Robert Litterman. 1992. “Global Portfolio Optimization.” Financial Analysts Journal 48 (5): 28–43.

Blank, Herbert, Richard Davis, and Shannon Greene. 2019. “Using Alternative Research Data in Real-World Portfolios.” Journal of Investing 28 (4): 95–103.

Blum, Avrim, and Adam Kalai. 1999. “Universal Portfolios with and Without Transaction Costs.” Machine Learning 35 (3): 193–205.

Boehmke, Brad, and Brandon Greenwell. 2019. Hands-on Machine Learning with R. Chapman; Hall.

Boloorforoosh, Ali, Peter Christoffersen, Christian Gourieroux, and Mathieu Fournier. 2019. “Beta Risk in the Cross-Section of Equities.” Review of Financial Studies Forthcoming.

Bonaccolto, Giovanni, and Sandra Paterlini. 2019. “Developing New Portfolio Strategies by Aggregation.” Annals of Operations Research, 1–39.

Boriah, Shyam, Varun Chandola, and Vipin Kumar. 2008. “Similarity Measures for Categorical Data: A Comparative Evaluation.” In Proceedings of the 2008 Siam International Conference on Data Mining, 243–54.

Boser, Bernhard E, Isabelle M Guyon, and Vladimir N Vapnik. 1992. “A Training Algorithm for Optimal Margin Classifiers.” In Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory, 144–52. ACM.

Bouchaud, Jean-philippe, Philipp Krueger, Augustin Landier, and David Thesmar. 2019. “Sticky Expectations and the Profitability Anomaly.” The Journal of Finance 74 (2): 639–74.

Bouthillier, Xavier, and Gaël Varoquaux. 2020. “Survey of machine-learning experimental methods at NeurIPS2019 and ICLR2020.” Research Report. Inria Saclay Ile de France.

Boyd, Stephen, and Lieven Vandenberghe. 2004. Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press.

Brandt, Michael W, Pedro Santa-Clara, and Rossen Valkanov. 2009. “Parametric Portfolio Policies: Exploiting Characteristics in the Cross-Section of Equity Returns.” Review of Financial Studies 22 (9): 3411–47.

Braun, Helmut, and John S Chandler. 1987. “Predicting Stock Market Behavior Through Rule Induction: An Application of the Learning-from-Example Approach.” Decision Sciences 18 (3): 415–29.

Breiman, Leo. 1996. “Stacked Regressions.” Machine Learning 24 (1): 49–64.

———. 2001. “Random Forests.” Machine Learning 45 (1): 5–32.

Breiman, Leo, Jerome Friedman, Charles J. Stone, and R.A. Olshen. 1984. Classification and Regression Trees. Chapman; Hall.

Breiman, Leo, and others. 2004. “Population Theory for Boosting Ensembles.” Annals of Statistics 32 (1): 1–11.

Brodersen, Kay H, Fabian Gallusser, Jim Koehler, Nicolas Remy, Steven L Scott, and others. 2015. “Inferring Causal Impact Using Bayesian Structural Time-Series Models.” Annals of Applied Statistics 9 (1): 247–74.

Brodie, Joshua, Ingrid Daubechies, Christine De Mol, Domenico Giannone, and Ignace Loris. 2009. “Sparse and Stable Markowitz Portfolios.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (30): 12267–72.

Brown, Iain, and Christophe Mues. 2012. “An Experimental Comparison of Classification Algorithms for Imbalanced Credit Scoring Data Sets.” Expert Systems with Applications 39 (3): 3446–53.

Bryzgalova, Svetlana. 2019. “Spurious Factors in Linear Asset Pricing Models.”

Bryzgalova, Svetlana, Jiantao Huang, and Christian Julliard. 2019. “Bayesian Solutions for the Factor Zoo: We Just Ran Two Quadrillion Models.” SSRN Working Paper 3481736.

Bryzgalova, Svetlana, Markus Pelger, and Jason Zhu. 2019. “Forest Through the Trees: Building Cross-Sections of Stock Returns.” SSRN Working Paper 3493458.

Buehler, Hans, Lukas Gonon, Josef Teichmann, and Ben Wood. 2019. “Deep Hedging.” Quantitative Finance, 1–21.

Burrell, Phillip R., and Bukola Otulayo Folarin. 1997. “The Impact of Neural Networks in Finance.” Neural Computing & Applications 6 (4): 193–200.

Bühlmann, Peter, Jonas Peters, Jan Ernest, and others. 2014. “CAM: Causal Additive Models, High-Dimensional Order Search and Penalized Regression.” Annals of Statistics 42 (6): 2526–56.

Cao, Li-Juan, and Francis Eng Hock Tay. 2003. “Support Vector Machine with Adaptive Parameters in Financial Time Series Forecasting.” IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 14 (6): 1506–18.

Carhart, Mark M. 1997. “On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance.” Journal of Finance 52 (1): 57–82.

Carlson, Murray, Adlai Fisher, and Ron Giammarino. 2004. “Corporate Investment and Asset Price Dynamics: Implications for the Cross-Section of Returns.” Journal of Finance 59 (6): 2577–2603.

Cattaneo, Matias D, Richard K Crump, Max Farrell, and Ernst Schaumburg. 2020. “Characteristic-Sorted Portfolios: Estimation and Inference” Forthcoming XXX. Review of Economics; Statistics.

Cazalet, Zélia, and Thierry Roncalli. 2014. “Facts and Fantasies About Factor Investing.” SSRN Working Paper 2524547.

Chandola, Varun, Arindam Banerjee, and Vipin Kumar. 2009. “Anomaly Detection: A Survey.” ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 41 (3): 15.

Chang, Chih-Chung, and Chih-Jen Lin. 2011. “LIBSVM: A Library for Support Vector Machines.” ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST) 2 (3): 27.

Che, Zhengping, Sanjay Purushotham, Kyunghyun Cho, David Sontag, and Yan Liu. 2018. “Recurrent Neural Networks for Multivariate Time Series with Missing Values.” Scientific Reports 8 (1): 6085.

Chen, Andrew Y, and Tom Zimmermann. 2019. “Publication Bias and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns.” Review of Asset Pricing Studies Forthcoming.

———. 2020. “Publication Bias and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns.” Review of Asset Pricing Studies Forthcoming XXX.

Chen, Huifen. 2001. “Initialization for Norta: Generation of Random Vectors with Specified Marginals and Correlations.” INFORMS Journal on Computing 13 (4). INFORMS: 312–31.

Chen, Jianbo, Le Song, Martin J Wainwright, and Michael I Jordan. 2018. “L-Shapley and c-Shapley: Efficient Model Interpretation for Structured Data.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1808.02610.

Chen, Jou-Fan, Wei-Lun Chen, Chun-Ping Huang, Szu-Hao Huang, and An-Pin Chen. 2016. “Financial Time-Series Data Analysis Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.” In 2016 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data (Ccbd), 87–92. IEEE.

Chen, Long, Zhi Da, and Richard Priestley. 2012. “Dividend Smoothing and Predictability.” Management Science 58 (10): 1834–53.

Chen, Luyang, Markus Pelger, and Jason Zhu. 2019. “Deep Learning in Asset Pricing.” SSRN Working Paper 3350138.

Chen, Tianqi, and Carlos Guestrin. 2016. “Xgboost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System.” In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 785–94. ACM.

Chib, Siddhartha, Xiaming Zeng, and Lingxiao Zhao. 2019. “On Comparing Asset Pricing Models.” Journal of Finance Forthcoming.

Chinco, Alexander, Adam D Clark-Joseph, and Mao Ye. 2019. “Sparse Signals in the Cross-Section of Returns.” Journal of Finance 74 (1): 449–92.

Chinco, Alexander, Andreas Neuhierl, and Michael Weber. 2019. “Estimating the Anomaly Baserate.” SSRN Working Paper 3344499.

Chinco, Alex, Samuel M Hartzmark, and Abigail B Sussman. 2019. “Risk-Factor Irrelevance.” SSRN Working Paper 3487624.

Chipman, Hugh A, Edward I George, and Robert E McCulloch. 2010. “BART: Bayesian Additive Regression Trees.” Annals of Applied Statistics 4 (1): 266–98.

Choi, Seung Mo, and Hwagyun Kim. 2014. “Momentum Effect as Part of a Market Equilibrium.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 49 (1): 107–30.

Chollet, François. 2017. Deep Learning with Python. Manning Publications Company.

Chordia, Tarun, Amit Goyal, and Jay Shanken. 2015. “Cross-Sectional Asset Pricing with Individual Stocks: Betas Versus Characteristics.” SSRN Working Paper 2549578.

Chung, Junyoung, Caglar Gulcehre, Kyunghyun Cho, and Yoshua Bengio. 2015. “Gated Feedback Recurrent Neural Networks.” In International Conference on Machine Learning, 2067–75.

Claeskens, Gerda, and Nils Lid Hjort. 2008. Model Selection and Model Averaging. Cambridge University Press.

Clark, Todd E, and Michael W McCracken. 2009. “Improving Forecast Accuracy by Combining Recursive and Rolling Forecasts.” International Economic Review 50 (2): 363–95.

Cocco, Joao F, Francisco Gomes, and Paula Lopes. 2019. “Evidence on Expectations of Household Finances.” SSRN Working Paper 3362495.

Cochrane, John H. 2009. Asset Pricing: Revised Edition. Princeton university press.

Cong, Lin William, Tengyuan Liang, and Xiao Zhang. 2019a. “Analyzing Textual Information at Scale.” SSRN Working Paper 3449822.

———. 2019b. “Textual Factors: A Scalable, Interpretable, and Data-Driven Approach to Analyzing Unstructured Information.” SSRN Working Paper 3307057.

Cong, Lin William, and Douglas Xu. 2019. “Rise of Factor Investing: Asset Prices, Informational Efficiency, and Security Design.” SSRN Working Paper 2800590.

Connor, Gregory, and Robert A Korajczyk. 1988. “Risk and Return in an Equilibrium Apt: Application of a New Test Methodology.” Journal of Financial Economics 21 (2): 255–89.

Cont, Rama. 2007. “Volatility Clustering in Financial Markets: Empirical Facts and Agent-Based Models.” In Long Memory in Economics, 289–309. Springer.

Cooper, Ilan, and Paulo F Maio. 2019. “New Evidence on Conditional Factor Models.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 54 (5): 1975–2016.

Coqueret, Guillaume. 2015. “Diversified Minimum-Variance Portfolios.” Annals of Finance 11 (2): 221–41.

———. 2017. “Approximate Norta Simulations for Virtual Sample Generation.” Expert Systems with Applications 73: 69–81.

———. 2018. “The Economic Value of Firm-Specific News Sentiment.” SSRN Working Paper 3248925.

Coqueret, Guillaume, and Tony Guida. 2019. “Training Trees on Tails with Applications to Portfolio Choice.” SSRN Working Paper 3403009.

Cornuejols, Antoine, Laurent Miclet, and Vincent Barra. 2018. Apprentissage Artificiel: Deep Learning, Concepts et Algorithmes. Eyrolles.

Cortes, Corinna, and Vladimir Vapnik. 1995. “Support-Vector Networks.” Machine Learning 20 (3): 273–97.

Costarelli, Danilo, Renato Spigler, and Gianluca Vinti. 2016. “A Survey on Approximation by Means of Neural Network Operators.” Journal of NeuroTechnology 1 (1).

Cover, Thomas M. 1991. “Universal Portfolios.” Mathematical Finance 1 (1): 1–29.

Cover, Thomas M, and Erik Ordentlich. 1996. “Universal Portfolios with Side Information.” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 42 (2): 348–63.

Crammer, Koby, Ofer Dekel, Joseph Keshet, Shai Shalev-Shwartz, and Yoram Singer. 2006. “Online Passive-Aggressive Algorithms.” Journal of Machine Learning Research 7 (Mar): 551–85.

Cronqvist, Henrik, Alessandro Previtero, Stephan Siegel, and Roderick E White. 2015. “The Fetal Origins Hypothesis in Finance: Prenatal Environment, the Gender Gap, and Investor Behavior.” Review of Financial Studies 29 (3): 739–86.

Cronqvist, Henrik, Stephan Siegel, and Frank Yu. 2015. “Value Versus Growth Investing: Why Do Different Investors Have Different Styles?” Journal of Financial Economics 117 (2): 333–49.

Cuchiero, Christa, Irene Klein, and Josef Teichmann. 2016. “A New Perspective on the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing for Large Financial Markets.” Theory of Probability & Its Applications 60 (4): 561–79.

Cybenko, George. 1989. “Approximation by Superpositions of a Sigmoidal Function.” Mathematics of Control, Signals and Systems 2 (4): 303–14.

Dangl, Thomas, and Michael Halling. 2012. “Predictive Regressions with Time-Varying Coefficients.” Journal of Financial Economics 106 (1): 157–81.

Daniel, Kent D, David Hirshleifer, and Avanidhar Subrahmanyam. 2001. “Overconfidence, Arbitrage, and Equilibrium Asset Pricing.” Journal of Finance 56 (3): 921–65.

Daniel, Kent, David Hirshleifer, and Lin Sun. 2019. “Short and Long Horizon Behavioral Factors.” Review of Financial Studies XXX (XXX).

Daniel, Kent, and Tobias J Moskowitz. 2016. “Momentum Crashes.” Journal of Financial Economics 122 (2): 221–47.

Daniel, Kent, and Sheridan Titman. 1997. “Evidence on the Characteristics of Cross Sectional Variation in Stock Returns.” Journal of Finance 52 (1): 1–33.

———. 2012. “Testing Factor-Model Explanations of Market Anomalies.” Critical Finance Review 1 (1): 103–39.

Daniel, Kent, Sheridan Titman, and KC John Wei. 2001. “Explaining the Cross-Section of Stock Returns in Japan: Factors or Characteristics?” Journal of Finance 56 (2): 743–66.

d’Aspremont, Alexandre. 2011. “Identifying Small Mean-Reverting Portfolios.” Quantitative Finance 11 (3). Taylor & Francis: 351–64.

Delbaen, Freddy, and Walter Schachermayer. 1994. “A General Version of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing.” Mathematische Annalen 300 (1): 463–520.

DeMiguel, Victor, Lorenzo Garlappi, and Raman Uppal. 2009. “Optimal Versus Naive Diversification: How Inefficient Is the 1/N Portfolio Strategy?” Review of Financial Studies 22 (5): 1915–53.

DeMiguel, Victor, Alberto Martin Utrera, and Raman Uppal. 2019. “What Alleviates Crowding in Factor Investing?” SSRN Working Paper 3392875.

De Moor, Lieven, Geert Dhaene, and Piet Sercu. 2015. “On Comparing Zero-Alpha Tests Across Multifactor Asset Pricing Models.” Journal of Banking & Finance 61: S235–S240.

Denil, Misha, David Matheson, and Nando De Freitas. 2014. “Narrowing the Gap: Random Forests in Theory and in Practice.” In International Conference on Machine Learning, 665–73.

De Prado, Marcos Lopez. 2018. Advances in Financial Machine Learning. John Wiley & Sons.

Dichtl, Hubert, Wolfgang Drobetz, Harald Lohre, Carsten Rother, and Patrick Vosskamp. 2019. “Optimal Timing and Tilting of Equity Factors.” Financial Analysts Journal 75 (4): 84–102.

Dichtl, Hubert, Wolfgang Drobetz, Andreas Neuhierl, and Viktoria-Sophie Wendt. 2019. “Data Snooping in Equity Premium Prediction.” SSRN Working Paper 2972011.

Dingli, Alexiei, and Karl Sant Fournier. 2017. “Financial Time Series Forecasting–a Deep Learning Approach.” International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 7 (5): 118–22.

Donaldson, R Glen, and Mark Kamstra. 1996. “Forecast Combining with Neural Networks.” Journal of Forecasting 15 (1): 49–61.

Drucker, Harris. 1997. “Improving Regressors Using Boosting Techniques.” In International Conference on Machine Learning, 97:107–15.

Drucker, Harris, Christopher JC Burges, Linda Kaufman, Alex J Smola, and Vladimir Vapnik. 1997. “Support Vector Regression Machines.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 155–61.

Du, Ke-Lin, and Madisetti NS Swamy. 2013. Neural Networks and Statistical Learning. Springer Science & Business Media.

Duchi, John, Elad Hazan, and Yoram Singer. 2011. “Adaptive Subgradient Methods for Online Learning and Stochastic Optimization.” Journal of Machine Learning Research 12 (Jul): 2121–59.

Dunis, Christian L, Spiros D Likothanassis, Andreas S Karathanasopoulos, Georgios S Sermpinis, and Konstantinos A Theofilatos. 2013. “A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm–Support Vector Machine Approach in the Task of Forecasting and Trading.” Journal of Asset Management 14 (1): 52–71.

Eakins, Stanley G, Stanley R Stansell, and James F Buck. 1998. “Analyzing the Nature of Institutional Demand for Common Stocks.” Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics. JSTOR, 33–48.

Efimov, Dmitry, and Di Xu. 2019. “Using Generative Adversarial Networks to Synthesize Artificial Financial Datasets.” Proceedings of the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems.

Ehsani, Sina, and Juhani T Linnainmaa. 2019. “Factor Momentum and the Momentum Factor.” SSRN Working Paper 3014521.

Elliott, Graham, Nikolay Kudrin, and Kaspar Wuthrich. 2019. “Detecting P-Hacking.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1906.06711.

Elman, Jeffrey L. 1990. “Finding Structure in Time.” Cognitive Science 14 (2): 179–211.

Enders, Craig K. 2001. “A Primer on Maximum Likelihood Algorithms Available for Use with Missing Data.” Structural Equation Modeling 8 (1). Taylor & Francis: 128–41.

———. 2010. Applied Missing Data Analysis. Guilford press.

Engilberge, Martin, Louis Chevallier, Patrick Pérez, and Matthieu Cord. 2019. “SoDeep: A Sorting Deep Net to Learn Ranking Loss Surrogates.” In Proceedings of the Ieee Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 10792–10801.

Engle, Robert F. 1982. “Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom Inflation.” Econometrica, 987–1007.

Enke, David, and Suraphan Thawornwong. 2005. “The Use of Data Mining and Neural Networks for Forecasting Stock Market Returns.” Expert Systems with Applications 29 (4): 927–40.

Fabozzi, Frank J, and Marcos López de Prado. 2018. “Being Honest in Backtest Reporting: A Template for Disclosing Multiple Tests.” Journal of Portfolio Management 45 (1): 141–47.

Fama, Eugene F, and Kenneth R French. 1992. “The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns.” Journal of Finance 47 (2): 427–65.

———. 1993. “Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds.” Journal of Financial Economics 33 (1): 3–56.

———. 2015. “A Five-Factor Asset Pricing Model.” Journal of Financial Economics 116 (1): 1–22.

———. 2018. “Choosing Factors.” Journal of Financial Economics 128 (2): 234–52.

Fama, Eugene F, and James D MacBeth. 1973. “Risk, Return, and Equilibrium: Empirical Tests.” Journal of Political Economy 81 (3): 607–36.

Farmer, Leland, Lawrence Schmidt, and Allan Timmermann. 2019. “Pockets of Predictability.” SSRN Working Paper 3152386.

Fastrich, Björn, Sandra Paterlini, and Peter Winker. 2015. “Constructing Optimal Sparse Portfolios Using Regularization Methods.” Computational Management Science 12 (3): 417–34.

Feng, Guanhao, Stefano Giglio, and Dacheng Xiu. 2019. “Taming the Factor Zoo: A Test of New Factors.” Journal of Finance Forthcoming.

Feng, Guanhao, Nicholas G Polson, and Jianeng Xu. 2019. “Deep Learning in Characteristics-Sorted Factor Models.” SSRN Working Paper 3243683.

Fischer, Thomas, and Christopher Krauss. 2018. “Deep Learning with Long Short-Term Memory Networks for Financial Market Predictions.” European Journal of Operational Research 270 (2): 654–69.

Fisher, Aaron, Cynthia Rudin, and Francesca Dominici. 2018. “All Models Are Wrong but Many Are Useful: Variable Importance for Black-Box, Proprietary, or Misspecified Prediction Models, Using Model Class Reliance.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1801.01489.

Frazier, Peter I. 2018. “A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1807.02811.

Frazzini, Andrea, and Lasse Heje Pedersen. 2014. “Betting Against Beta.” Journal of Financial Economics 111 (1): 1–25.

Freeman, Robert N, and Senyo Y Tse. 1992. “A Nonlinear Model of Security Price Responses to Unexpected Earnings.” Journal of Accounting Research, 185–209.

Freund, Yoav, and Robert E Schapire. 1996. “Experiments with a New Boosting Algorithm.” In Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference, 96:148–56.

———. 1997. “A Decision-Theoretic Generalization of on-Line Learning and an Application to Boosting.” Journal of Computer and System Sciences 55 (1): 119–39.

Freyberger, Joachim, Andreas Neuhierl, and Michael Weber. 2020. “Dissecting Characteristics Nonparametrically.” Review of Financial Studies XXX-XXX.

Friedman, Jerome H. 2001. “Greedy Function Approximation: A Gradient Boosting Machine.” Annals of Statistics, 1189–1232.

———. 2002. “Stochastic Gradient Boosting.” Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 38 (4): 367–78.

Friedman, Jerome, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani. 2008. “Sparse Inverse Covariance Estimation with the Graphical Lasso.” Biostatistics 9 (3): 432–41.

Friedman, Jerome, Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, and others. 2000. “Additive Logistic Regression: A Statistical View of Boosting (with Discussion and a Rejoinder by the Authors).” Annals of Statistics 28 (2): 337–407.

Friedman, Nir, Dan Geiger, and Moises Goldszmidt. 1997. “Bayesian Network Classifiers.” Machine Learning 29 (2-3): 131–63.

Fu, XingYu, JinHong Du, YiFeng Guo, MingWen Liu, Tao Dong, and XiuWen Duan. 2018. “A Machine Learning Framework for Stock Selection.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1806.01743.

Gaba, Anil, Ilia Tsetlin, and Robert L Winkler. 2017. “Combining Interval Forecasts.” Decision Analysis 14 (1): 1–20.

Gagliardini, Patrick, Elisa Ossola, and Olivier Scaillet. 2016. “Time-Varying Risk Premium in Large Cross-Sectional Equity Data Sets.” Econometrica 84 (3): 985–1046.

———. 2019. “Estimation of Large Dimensional Conditional Factor Models in Finance.” SSRN Working Paper 3443426.

Galili, Tal, and Isaac Meilijson. 2016. “Splitting Matters: How Monotone Transformation of Predictor Variables May Improve the Predictions of Decision Tree Models.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1611.04561.

Garcı'a-Galicia, Mauricio, Alin A Carsteanu, and Julio B Clempner. 2019. “Continuous-Time Reinforcement Learning Approach for Portfolio Management with Time Penalization.” Expert Systems with Applications 129: 27–36.

Garcı'a-Laencina, Pedro J, José-Luis Sancho-Gómez, Anı'bal R Figueiras-Vidal, and Michel Verleysen. 2009. “K Nearest Neighbours with Mutual Information for Simultaneous Classification and Missing Data Imputation.” Neurocomputing 72 (7-9). Elsevier: 1483–93.

Gelman, Andrew, John B Carlin, Hal S Stern, David B Dunson, Aki Vehtari, and Donald B Rubin. 2013. Bayesian Data Analysis, 3rd Edition. Chapman; Hall/CRC.

Geman, Stuart, Elie Bienenstock, and René Doursat. 1992. “Neural Networks and the Bias/Variance Dilemma.” Neural Computation 4 (1): 1–58.

Genre, Véronique, Geoff Kenny, Aidan Meyler, and Allan Timmermann. 2013. “Combining Expert Forecasts: Can Anything Beat the Simple Average?” International Journal of Forecasting 29 (1): 108–21.

Gentzkow, Matthew, Bryan Kelly, and Matt Taddy. 2019. “Text as Data.” Journal of Economic Literature 57 (3): 535–74.

Ghosh, Anil K. 2006. “On Optimum Choice of K in Nearest Neighbor Classification.” Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 50 (11): 3113–23.

Giglio, Stefano, and Dacheng Xiu. 2018. “Asset Pricing with Omitted Factors.” SSRN Working Paper 2865922.

Gomes, Joao, Leonid Kogan, and Lu Zhang. 2003. “Equilibrium Cross Section of Returns.” Journal of Political Economy 111 (4): 693–732.

Gong, Qiang, Ming Liu, and Qianqiu Liu. 2015. “Momentum Is Really Short-Term Momentum.” Journal of Banking & Finance 50: 169–82.

Gonzalo, Jesús, and Jean-Yves Pitarakis. 2018. “Predictive Regressions.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance.

Goodfellow, Ian, Yoshua Bengio, Aaron Courville, and Yoshua Bengio. 2016. Deep Learning. Vol. 1. MIT press Cambridge.

Goodfellow, Ian, Jean Pouget-Abadie, Mehdi Mirza, Bing Xu, David Warde-Farley, Sherjil Ozair, Aaron Courville, and Yoshua Bengio. 2014. “Generative Adversarial Nets.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2672–80.

Gospodinov, Nikolay, Raymond Kan, and Cesare Robotti. 2019. “Too Good to Be True? Fallacies in Evaluating Risk Factor Models.” Journal of Financial Economics 132 (2): 451–71.

Goto, Shingo, and Yan Xu. 2015. “Improving Mean Variance Optimization Through Sparse Hedging Restrictions.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 50 (6): 1415–41.

Gower, John C. 1971. “A General Coefficient of Similarity and Some of Its Properties.” Biometrics, 857–71.

Goyal, Amit. 2012. “Empirical Cross-Sectional Asset Pricing: A Survey.” Financial Markets and Portfolio Management 26 (1): 3–38.

Goyal, Amit, and Sunil Wahal. 2015. “Is Momentum an Echo?” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 50 (6): 1237–67.

Granger, Clive WJ. 1969. “Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods.” Econometrica, 424–38.

Green, Jeremiah, John RM Hand, and X Frank Zhang. 2013. “The Supraview of Return Predictive Signals.” Review of Accounting Studies 18 (3): 692–730.

Greene, William H. 2018. Econometric Analysis, Eighth Edition. Pearson Education.

Greenwood, Robin, and Samuel G Hanson. 2012. “Share Issuance and Factor Timing.” Journal of Finance 67 (2): 761–98.

Grinblatt, Mark, and Bing Han. 2005. “Prospect Theory, Mental Accounting, and Momentum.” Journal of Financial Economics 78 (2). Elsevier: 311–39.

Grushka-Cockayne, Yael, Victor Richmond R Jose, and Kenneth C Lichtendahl Jr. 2016. “Ensembles of Overfit and Overconfident Forecasts.” Management Science 63 (4): 1110–30.

Gu, Shihao, Bryan T Kelly, and Dacheng Xiu. 2018. “Empirical Asset Pricing via Machine Learning.” SSRN Working Paper 3159577.

———. 2019. “Autoencoder Asset Pricing Models.” SSRN Working Paper 3335536.

Guida, Tony, and Guillaume Coqueret. 2018a. “Ensemble Learning Applied to Quant Equity: Gradient Boosting in a Multifactor Framework.” In Big Data and Machine Learning in Quantitative Investment, 129–48. Wiley.

———. 2018b. “Machine Learning in Systematic Equity Allocation: A Model Comparison.” Wilmott 2018 (98): 24–33.

Guliyev, Namig J, and Vugar E Ismailov. 2018. “On the Approximation by Single Hidden Layer Feedforward Neural Networks with Fixed Weights.” Neural Networks 98: 296–304.

Gupta, Manish, Jing Gao, Charu Aggarwal, and Jiawei Han. 2014. “Outlier Detection for Temporal Data.” IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 26 (9): 2250–67.

Gupta, Tarun, and Bryan Kelly. 2019. “Factor Momentum Everywhere.” Journal of Portfolio Management 45 (3): 13–36.

Guresen, Erkam, Gulgun Kayakutlu, and Tugrul U Daim. 2011. “Using Artificial Neural Network Models in Stock Market Index Prediction.” Expert Systems with Applications 38 (8): 10389–97.

Guyon, Isabelle, and André Elisseeff. 2003. “An Introduction to Variable and Feature Selection.” Journal of Lachine Learning Research 3 (Mar): 1157–82.

Hahn, P Richard, Jared S Murray, and Carlos Carvalho. 2019. “Bayesian Regression Tree Models for Causal Inference: Regularization, Confounding, and Heterogeneous Effects.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1706.09523.

Hall, Patrick, and Navdeep Gill. 2019. An Introduction to Machine Learning Interpretability-Second Edition. O’Reilly.

Hall, Peter, Byeong U Park, Richard J Samworth, and others. 2008. “Choice of Neighbor Order in Nearest-Neighbor Classification.” Annals of Statistics 36 (5): 2135–52.

Halperin, Igor, and Ilya Feldshteyn. 2018. “Market Self-Learning of Signals, Impact and Optimal Trading: Invisible Hand Inference with Free Energy.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1805.06126.

Han, Yufeng, Ai He, D Rapach, and Guofu Zhou. 2019. “Firm Characteristics and Expected Stock Returns.” SSRN Working Paper 3185335.

Hansen, Lars Peter. 1982. “Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators.” Econometrica, 1029–54.

Harrald, Paul G, and Mark Kamstra. 1997. “Evolving Artificial Neural Networks to Combine Financial Forecasts.” IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 1 (1): 40–52.

Hartzmark, Samuel M, and David H Solomon. 2019. “The Dividend Disconnect.” Journal of Finance.

Harvey, Campbell, and Yan Liu. 2017. “Lucky Factors.” SSRN Working Paper 2528780.

Harvey, Campbell R. 2017. “Presidential Address: The Scientific Outlook in Financial Economics.” Journal of Finance 72 (4): 1399–1440.

Harvey, Campbell R, John C Liechty, Merrill W Liechty, and Peter Müller. 2010. “Portfolio Selection with Higher Moments.” Quantitative Finance 10 (5): 469–85.

Harvey, Campbell R, and Yan Liu. 2015. “Backtesting.” Journal of Portfolio Management 42 (1): 13–28.

———. 2019. “A Census of the Factor Zoo.” SSRN Working Paper 3341728.

Harvey, Campbell R, Yan Liu, and Heqing Zhu. 2016. “… And the Cross-Section of Expected Returns.” Review of Financial Studies 29 (1): 5–68.

Hassan, Md Rafiul, Baikunth Nath, and Michael Kirley. 2007. “A Fusion Model of Hmm, Ann and Ga for Stock Market Forecasting.” Expert Systems with Applications 33 (1): 171–80.

Hastie, Trevor, Robert Tibshirani, and Jerome Friedman. 2009. The Elements of Statistical Learning. Springer.

Haykin, Simon S. 2009. Neural Networks and Learning Machines. Prentice Hall.

Hazan, Elad, Amit Agarwal, and Satyen Kale. 2007. “Logarithmic Regret Algorithms for Online Convex Optimization.” Machine Learning 69 (2-3): 169–92.

Hazan, Elad, and others. 2016. “Introduction to Online Convex Optimization.” Foundations and Trends in Optimization 2 (3-4). Now Publishers, Inc.: 157–325.

He, Ai, Dashan Huang, and Guofu Zhou. 2019. “New Factors Wanted: Evidence from a Simple Specification Test.” SSRN Working Paper 3143752.

Head, Megan L, Luke Holman, Rob Lanfear, Andrew T Kahn, and Michael D Jennions. 2015. “The Extent and Consequences of P-Hacking in Science.” PLoS Biology 13 (3): e1002106.

Heinze-Deml, Christina, Jonas Peters, and Nicolai Meinshausen. 2018. “Invariant Causal Prediction for Nonlinear Models.” Journal of Causal Inference 6 (2).

Henkel, Sam James, J Spencer Martin, and Federico Nardari. 2011. “Time-Varying Short-Horizon Predictability.” Journal of Financial Economics 99 (3): 560–80.

Henrique, Bruno Miranda, Vinicius Amorim Sobreiro, and Herbert Kimura. 2019. “Literature Review: Machine Learning Techniques Applied to Financial Market Prediction.” Expert Systems with Applications XXX (XXX).

Hiemstra, Craig, and Jonathan D Jones. 1994. “Testing for Linear and Nonlinear Granger Causality in the Stock Price-Volume Relation.” Journal of Finance 49 (5): 1639–64.

Hjalmarsson, Erik, and Petar Manchev. 2012. “Characteristic-Based Mean-Variance Portfolio Choice.” Journal of Banking & Finance 36 (5): 1392–1401.

Ho, Tin Kam. 1995. “Random Decision Forests.” In Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 1:278–82. IEEE.

Ho, Yu-Chi, and David L Pepyne. 2002. “Simple Explanation of the No-Free-Lunch Theorem and Its Implications.” Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 115 (3): 549–70.

Hochreiter, Sepp, and Jürgen Schmidhuber. 1997. “Long Short-Term Memory.” Neural Computation 9 (8). MIT Press: 1735–80.

Hodge, Victoria, and Jim Austin. 2004. “A Survey of Outlier Detection Methodologies.” Artificial Intelligence Review 22 (2): 85–126.

Hodges, Philip, Ked Hogan, Justin R Peterson, and Andrew Ang. 2017. “Factor Timing with Cross-Sectional and Time-Series Predictors.” Journal of Portfolio Management 44 (1): 30–43.

Hoechle, Daniel, Markus Schmid, and Heinz Zimmermann. 2018. “Correcting Alpha Misattribution in Portfolio Sorts.” SSRN Working Paper 3190310.

Hoi, Steven CH, Doyen Sahoo, Jing Lu, and Peilin Zhao. 2018. “Online Learning: A Comprehensive Survey.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1802.02871.

Honaker, James, and Gary King. 2010. “What to Do About Missing Values in Time-Series Cross-Section Data.” American Journal of Political Science 54 (2): 561–81.

Horel, Enguerrand, and Kay Giesecke. 2019. “Towards Explainable AI: Significance Tests for Neural Networks.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1902.06021.

Hoseinzade, Ehsan, and Saman Haratizadeh. 2019. “CNNpred: CNN-Based Stock Market Prediction Using a Diverse Set of Variables.” Expert Systems with Applications XXX.

Hou, Kewei, Chen Xue, and Lu Zhang. 2015. “Digesting Anomalies: An Investment Approach.” Review of Financial Studies 28 (3): 650–705.

———. 2019. “Replicating Anomalies.” Review of Financial Studies XX (XX): XXX–XX.

Hsu, Po-Hsuan, Qiheng Han, Wensheng Wu, and Zhiguang Cao. 2018. “Asset Allocation Strategies, Data Snooping, and the 1/N Rule.” Journal of Banking & Finance 97: 257–69.

Huang, Wei, Yoshiteru Nakamori, and Shou-Yang Wang. 2005. “Forecasting Stock Market Movement Direction with Support Vector Machine.” Computers & Operations Research 32 (10): 2513–22.

Huck, Nicolas. 2019. “Large Data Sets and Machine Learning: Applications to Statistical Arbitrage.” European Journal of Operational Research 278 (1). Elsevier: 330–42.

Hübner, Georges. 2005. “The Generalized Treynor Ratio.” Review of Finance 9 (3): 415–35.

Hünermund, Paul, and Elias Bareinboim. 2019. “Causal Inference and Data-Fusion in Econometrics.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1912.09104.

Ilmanen, Antti. 2011. Expected Returns: An Investor’s Guide to Harvesting Market Rewards. John Wiley & Sons.

Ilmanen, Antti, Ronen Israel, Tobias J Moskowitz, Ashwin K Thapar, and Franklin Wang. 2019. “Factor Premia and Factor Timing: A Century of Evidence.” SSRN Working Paper 3400998.

Jacobs, Heiko, and Sebastian Müller. 2019. “Anomalies Across the Globe: Once Public, No Longer Existent?” Journal of Financial Economics XXX (XXX): XXX–XXX.

Jacobs, Robert A, Michael I Jordan, Steven J Nowlan, Geoffrey E Hinton, and others. 1991. “Adaptive Mixtures of Local Experts.” Neural Computation 3 (1): 79–87.

Jagannathan, Ravi, and Tongshu Ma. 2003. “Risk Reduction in Large Portfolios: Why Imposing the Wrong Constraints Helps.” Journal of Finance 58 (4): 1651–83.

Jagannathan, Ravi, and Zhenyu Wang. 1998. “An Asymptotic Theory for Estimating Beta-Pricing Models Using Cross-Sectional Regression.” Journal of Finance 53 (4): 1285–1309.

James, Gareth, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani. 2013. An Introduction to Statistical Learning. Vol. 112. Springer.

Jegadeesh, Narasimhan, Joonki Noh, Kuntara Pukthuanthong, Richard Roll, and Junbo L Wang. 2019. “Empirical Tests of Asset Pricing Models with Individual Assets: Resolving the Errors-in-Variables Bias in Risk Premium Estimation.” Journal of Financial Economics Forthcoming (XXXX).

Jegadeesh, Narasimhan, and Sheridan Titman. 1993. “Returns to Buying Winners and Selling Losers: Implications for Stock Market Efficiency.” Journal of Finance 48 (1): 65–91.

Jensen, Michael C. 1968. “The Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period 1945–1964.” Journal of Finance 23 (2): 389–416.

Jha, Vinesh. 2019. “Implementing Alternative Data in an Investment Process.” In Big Data and Machine Learning in Quantitative Investment, 51–74. Wiley.

Jiang, Zhengyao, Dixing Xu, and Jinjun Liang. 2017. “A Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for the Financial Portfolio Management Problem.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1706.10059.

Johnson, Timothy C. 2002. “Rational Momentum Effects.” Journal of Finance 57 (2). Wiley Online Library: 585–608.

Jordan, Michael I. 1997. “Serial Order: A Parallel Distributed Processing Approach.” In Advances in Psychology, 121:471–95. Elsevier.

Jurczenko, Emmanuel. 2017. Factor Investing: From Traditional to Alternative Risk Premia. Elsevier.

Kalisch, Markus, Martin Mächler, Diego Colombo, Marloes H Maathuis, Peter Bühlmann, and others. 2012. “Causal Inference Using Graphical Models with the R Package Pcalg.” Journal of Statistical Software 47 (11): 1–26.

Ke, Guolin, Qi Meng, Thomas Finley, Taifeng Wang, Wei Chen, Weidong Ma, Qiwei Ye, and Tie-Yan Liu. 2017. “Lightgbm: A Highly Efficient Gradient Boosting Decision Tree.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 3146–54.

Ke, Zheng Tracy, Bryan T Kelly, and Dacheng Xiu. 2019. “Predicting Returns with Text Data.” SSRN Working Paper 3388293.

Kearns, Michael, and Yuriy Nevmyvaka. 2013. “Machine Learning for Market Microstructure and High Frequency Trading.” High Frequency Trading: New Realities for Traders, Markets, and Regulators.

Kelly, Bryan T, Seth Pruitt, and Yinan Su. 2019. “Characteristics Are Covariances: A Unified Model of Risk and Return.” Journal of Financial Economics 134 (3): 501–24.

Kim, Kyoung-jae. 2003. “Financial Time Series Forecasting Using Support Vector Machines.” Neurocomputing 55 (1-2). Elsevier: 307–19.

Kim, Soohun, Robert A Korajczyk, and Andreas Neuhierl. 2019. “Arbitrage Portfolios.” SSRN Working Paper 3263001.

Kimoto, Takashi, Kazuo Asakawa, Morio Yoda, and Masakazu Takeoka. 1990. “Stock Market Prediction System with Modular Neural Networks.” In 1990 Ijcnn International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 1–6. IEEE.

Kingma, Diederik P, and Jimmy Ba. 2014. “Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1412.6980.

Koijen, Ralph SJ, Robert J Richmond, and Motohiro Yogo. 2019. “Which Investors Matter for Global Equity Valuations and Expected Returns?” SSRN Working Paper 3378340.

Koijen, Ralph S.J., and Motohiro Yogo. 2019. “A Demand System Approach to Asset Pricing.” Journal of Political Economy 127 (4): 1475–1515.

Kolm, Petter N, and Gordon Ritter. 2019a. “Dynamic Replication and Hedging: A Reinforcement Learning Approach.” The Journal of Financial Data Science 1 (1): 159–71.

———. 2019b. “Modern Perspectives on Reinforcement Learning in Finance.” Journal of Machine Learning in Finance 1 (1).

Kong, Weiwei, Christopher Liaw, Aranyak Mehta, and D Sivakumar. 2019. “A New Dog Learns Old Tricks: RL Finds Classic Optimization Algorithms.” Proceedings of the ICLR Conference, 1–25.

Kozak, Serhiy, Stefan Nagel, and Shrihari Santosh. 2018. “Interpreting Factor Models.” Journal of Finance 73 (3): 1183–1223.

———. 2019. “Shrinking the Cross-Section.” Journal of Financial Economics 135: 271–92.

Krauss, Christopher, Xuan Anh Do, and Nicolas Huck. 2017. “Deep Neural Networks, Gradient-Boosted Trees, Random Forests: Statistical Arbitrage on the S&P 500.” European Journal of Operational Research 259 (2): 689–702.

Kremer, Philipp J, Sangkyun Lee, Małgorzata Bogdan, and Sandra Paterlini. 2019. “Sparse Portfolio Selection via the Sorted L1-Norm.” Journal of Banking & Finance, 105687.

Krkoska, Eduard, and Klaus Reiner Schenk-Hoppé. 2019. “Herding in Smart-Beta Investment Products.” Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12 (1): 47.

Kruschke, John. 2014. Doing Bayesian Data Analysis: A Tutorial with R, Jags, and Stan (2nd Ed.). Academic Press.

Kuhn, Max, and Kjell Johnson. 2019. Feature Engineering and Selection: A Practical Approach for Predictive Models. CRC Press.

Lakonishok, Josef, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W Vishny. 1994. “Contrarian Investment, Extrapolation, and Risk.” Journal of Finance 49 (5): 1541–78.

Leary, Mark T, and Roni Michaely. 2011. “Determinants of Dividend Smoothing: Empirical Evidence.” Review of Financial Studies 24 (10): 3197–3249.

Ledoit, Oliver, and Michael Wolf. 2008. “Robust Performance Hypothesis Testing with the Sharpe Ratio.” Journal of Empirical Finance 15 (5): 850–59.

Ledoit, Olivier, and Michael Wolf. 2004. “A Well-Conditioned Estimator for Large-Dimensional Covariance Matrices.” Journal of Multivariate Analysis 88 (2): 365–411.

———. 2017. “Nonlinear Shrinkage of the Covariance Matrix for Portfolio Selection: Markowitz Meets Goldilocks.” Review of Financial Studies 30 (12): 4349–88.

Ledoit, Olivier, Michael Wolf, and Zhao Zhao. 2018. “Efficient Weighting: A More Powerful Test for Cross-Sectional Anomalies.” SSRN Working Paper 2881417.

Legendre, Adrien Marie. 1805. Nouvelles Méthodes Pour La détermination Des Orbites Des Comètes. F. Didot.

Lempérière, Yves, Cyril Deremble, Philip Seager, Marc Potters, and Jean-Philippe Bouchaud. 2014. “Two Centuries of Trend Following.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1404.3274.

Lettau, Martin, and Markus Pelger. 2018. “Factors That Fit the Time Series and Cross-Section of Stock Returns.” SSRN Working Paper 3211106.

———. n.d. “Estimating Latent Asset-Pricing Factors.” Journal of Econometrics XXX: XXX–XXX.

Leung, Mark T, Hazem Daouk, and An-Sing Chen. 2001. “Using Investment Portfolio Return to Combine Forecasts: A Multiobjective Approach.” European Journal of Operational Research 134 (1): 84–102.

Li, Bin, and Steven CH Hoi. 2014. “Online Portfolio Selection: A Survey.” ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 46 (3): 35.

Li, Bin, and Steven Chu Hong Hoi. 2018. Online Portfolio Selection: Principles and Algorithms. CRC Press.

Linnainmaa, Juhani T, and Michael R Roberts. 2018. “The History of the Cross-Section of Stock Returns.” Review of Financial Studies 31 (7): 2606–49.

Lintner, John. 1965. “The Valuation of Risk Assets and the Selection of Risky Investments in Stock Portfolios and Capital Budgets.” Review of Economics and Statistics 47 (1): 13–37.

Little, Roderick JA, and Donald B Rubin. 2014. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. Vol. 333. John Wiley & Sons.

Lo, Andrew W, and A Craig MacKinlay. 1990. “When Are Contrarian Profits Due to Stock Market Overreaction?” Review of Financial Studies 3 (2): 175–205.

Loreggia, Andrea, Yuri Malitsky, Horst Samulowitz, and Vijay Saraswat. 2016. “Deep Learning for Algorithm Portfolios.” In Proceedings of the Thirtieth Aaai Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1280–6. AAAI Press.

Loughran, Tim, and Bill McDonald. 2016. “Textual Analysis in Accounting and Finance: A Survey.” Journal of Accounting Research 54 (4): 1187–1230.

Lundberg, Scott M, and Su-In Lee. 2017. “A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictions.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 4765–74.

Ma, Shujie, Wei Lan, Liangjun Su, and Chih-Ling Tsai. 2018. “Testing Alphas in Conditional Time-Varying Factor Models with High Dimensional Assets.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics XXX (XXX). Taylor & Francis: 1–34.

Maathuis, Marloes, Mathias Drton, Steffen Lauritzen, and Martin Wainwright. 2018. Handbook of Graphical Models. CRC Press.

Maclaurin, Dougal, David Duvenaud, and Ryan Adams. 2015. “Gradient-Based Hyperparameter Optimization Through Reversible Learning.” In International Conference on Machine Learning, 2113–22.

Maillard, Sébastien, Thierry Roncalli, and Jérôme Teiletche. 2010. “The Properties of Equally Weighted Risk Contribution Portfolios.” Journal of Portfolio Management 36 (4): 60–70.

Markowitz, Harry. 1952. “Portfolio Selection.” Journal of Finance 7 (1): 77–91.

Martin, Evan A, and Audrey Qiuyan Fu. 2019. “A Bayesian Approach to Directed Acyclic Graphs with a Candidate Graph.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1909.10678.

Martin, Ian, and Stefan Nagel. 2019. “Market Efficiency in the Age of Big Data.” SSRN Working Paper XXXXXXXXXXXXX.

Martin Utrera, Alberto, Victor DeMiguel, Raman Uppal, and Francisco J Nogales. 2018. “A Transaction-Cost Perspective on the Multitude of Firm Characteristics.” SSRN Working Paper 2912819.

Mason, Llew, Jonathan Baxter, Peter L Bartlett, and Marcus R Frean. 2000. “Boosting Algorithms as Gradient Descent.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 512–18.

Masters, Timothy. 1993. Practical Neural Network Recipes in C++. Morgan Kaufmann.

Matı'as, José M, and Juan C Reboredo. 2012. “Forecasting Performance of Nonlinear Models for Intraday Stock Returns.” Journal of Forecasting 31 (2). Wiley Online Library: 172–88.

McLean, R David, and Jeffrey Pontiff. 2016. “Does Academic Research Destroy Stock Return Predictability?” Journal of Finance 71 (1). Wiley Online Library: 5–32.

Meng, Terry Lingze, and Matloob Khushi. 2019. “Reinforcement Learning in Financial Markets.” Data 4 (3): 110.

Metropolis, Nicholas, and Stanislaw Ulam. 1949. “The Monte Carlo Method.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 44 (247): 335–41.

Meyer, Carl D. 2000. Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra. Vol. 71. SIAM.

Mohri, Mehryar, Afshin Rostamizadeh, and Ameet Talwalkar. 2018. Foundations of Machine Learning. MIT press.

Molnar, Christoph. 2019. “Interpretable Machine Learning: A Guide for Making Black Box Models Explainable.” LeanPub / Lulu.

Moody, John, and Lizhong Wu. 1997. “Optimization of Trading Systems and Portfolios.” In Proceedings of the Ieee/Iafe 1997 Computational Intelligence for Financial Engineering (Cifer), 300–307. IEEE.

Moody, John, Lizhong Wu, Yuansong Liao, and Matthew Saffell. 1998. “Performance Functions and Reinforcement Learning for Trading Systems and Portfolios.” Journal of Forecasting 17 (5-6): 441–70.

Moritz, Benjamin, and Tom Zimmermann. 2016. “Tree-Based Conditional Portfolio Sorts: The Relation Between Past and Future Stock Returns.” SSRN Working Paper 2740751.

Moskowitz, Tobias J, and Mark Grinblatt. 1999. “Do Industries Explain Momentum?” Journal of Finance 54 (4): 1249–90.

Moskowitz, Tobias J, Yao Hua Ooi, and Lasse Heje Pedersen. 2012. “Time Series Momentum.” Journal of Financial Economics 104 (2): 228–50.

Mossin, Jan. 1966. “Equilibrium in a Capital Asset Market.” Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society 34 (4). JSTOR: 768–83.

Nesterov, Yurii. 1983. “A Method for Unconstrained Convex Minimization Problem with the Rate of Convergence O (1/K^ 2).” In Doklady an Ussr, 269:543–47.

Neuneier, Ralph. 1996. “Optimal Asset Allocation Using Adaptive Dynamic Programming.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 952–58.

———. 1998. “Enhancing Q-Learning for Optimal Asset Allocation.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 936–42.

Ngai, Eric WT, Yong Hu, YH Wong, Yijun Chen, and Xin Sun. 2011. “The Application of Data Mining Techniques in Financial Fraud Detection: A Classification Framework and an Academic Review of Literature.” Decision Support Systems 50 (3). Elsevier: 559–69.

Novy-Marx, Robert. 2012. “Is Momentum Really Momentum?” Journal of Financial Economics 103 (3): 429–53.

Novy-Marx, Robert, and Mihail Velikov. 2015. “A Taxonomy of Anomalies and Their Trading Costs.” Review of Financial Studies 29 (1): 104–47.

Nuti, Giuseppe, Lluı's Antoni Jiménez Rugama, and Kaspar Thommen. 2019. “Adaptive Reticulum.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1912.05901.

Okun, Oleg, Giorgio Valentini, and Matteo Re. 2011. Ensembles in Machine Learning Applications. Vol. 373. Springer Science & Business Media.

Olazaran, Mikel. 1996. “A Sociological Study of the Official History of the Perceptrons Controversy.” Social Studies of Science 26 (3). Sage Publications London: 611–59.

Olson, Randal S, William La Cava, Zairah Mustahsan, Akshay Varik, and Jason H Moore. 2018. “Data-Driven Advice for Applying Machine Learning to Bioinformatics Problems.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1708.05070.

Orimoloye, Larry Olanrewaju, Ming-Chien Sung, Tiejun Ma, and Johnnie EV Johnson. 2019. “Comparing the Effectiveness of Deep Feedforward Neural Networks and Shallow Architectures for Predicting Stock Price Indices.” Expert Systems with Applications. Elsevier, 112828.

Pan, Sinno Jialin, and Qiang Yang. 2009. “A Survey on Transfer Learning.” IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 22 (10): 1345–59.

Patel, Jigar, Sahil Shah, Priyank Thakkar, and K Kotecha. 2015a. “Predicting Stock and Stock Price Index Movement Using Trend Deterministic Data Preparation and Machine Learning Techniques.” Expert Systems with Applications 42 (1): 259–68.

Patel, Jigar, Sahil Shah, Priyank Thakkar, and Ketan Kotecha. 2015b. “Predicting Stock Market Index Using Fusion of Machine Learning Techniques.” Expert Systems with Applications 42 (4): 2162–72.

Patton, Andrew J, and Allan Timmermann. 2010. “Monotonicity in Asset Returns: New Tests with Applications to the Term Structure, the CAPM, and Portfolio Sorts.” Journal of Financial Economics 98 (3). Elsevier: 605–25.

Pearl, Judea. 2009. Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference. Second Edition. Vol. 29. Cambridge University Press.

Penasse, Julien. 2018. “Understanding Alpha Decay.” SSRN Working Paper 2953614.

Pendharkar, Parag C, and Patrick Cusatis. 2018. “Trading Financial Indices with Reinforcement Learning Agents.” Expert Systems with Applications 103: 1–13.

Perrin, Sarah, and Thierry Roncalli. 2019. “Machine Learning Optimization Algorithms & Portfolio Allocation.” SSRN Working Paper 3425827.

Peters, Jonas, Dominik Janzing, and Bernhard Schölkopf. 2017. Elements of Causal Inference: Foundations and Learning Algorithms. MIT press.

Petersen, Mitchell A. 2009. “Estimating Standard Errors in Finance Panel Data Sets: Comparing Approaches.” Review of Financial Studies 22 (1): 435–80.

Plyakha, Yuliya, Raman Uppal, and Grigory Vilkov. 2014. “Equal or Value Weighting? Implications for Asset-Pricing Tests.” SSRN Working Paper 1787045.

Polyak, Boris T. 1964. “Some Methods of Speeding up the Convergence of Iteration Methods.” USSR Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics 4 (5): 1–17.

Popov, Sergei, Stanislav Morozov, and Artem Babenko. 2019. “Neural Oblivious Decision Ensembles for Deep Learning on Tabular Data.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1909.06312.

Powell, Warren B, and Jun Ma. 2011. “A Review of Stochastic Algorithms with Continuous Value Function Approximation and Some New Approximate Policy Iteration Algorithms for Multidimensional Continuous Applications.” Journal of Control Theory and Applications 9 (3): 336–52.

Probst, Philipp, Bernd Bischl, and Anne-Laure Boulesteix. 2018. “Tunability: Importance of Hyperparameters of Machine Learning Algorithms.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1802.09596.

Pukthuanthong, Kuntara, Richard Roll, and Avanidhar Subrahmanyam. 2018. “A Protocol for Factor Identification.” Review of Financial Studies 32 (4): 1573–1607.

Quionero-Candela, Joaquin, Masashi Sugiyama, Anton Schwaighofer, and Neil D Lawrence. 2009. Dataset Shift in Machine Learning. The MIT Press.

Rapach, David E, Jack K Strauss, and Guofu Zhou. 2013. “International Stock Return Predictability: What Is the Role of the United States?” Journal of Finance 68 (4): 1633–62.

Rapach, David, and Guofu Zhou. 2019. “Time-Series and Cross-Sectional Stock Return Forecasting: New Machine Learning Methods.” SSRN Working Paper 3428095.

Rashmi, Korlakai Vinayak, and Ran Gilad-Bachrach. 2015. “DART: Dropouts Meet Multiple Additive Regression Trees.” In AISTATS, 489–97.

Ravisankar, Pediredla, Vadlamani Ravi, G Raghava Rao, and Indranil Bose. 2011. “Detection of Financial Statement Fraud and Feature Selection Using Data Mining Techniques.” Decision Support Systems 50 (2): 491–500.

Reboredo, Juan C, José M Matı'as, and Raquel Garcia-Rubio. 2012. “Nonlinearity in Forecasting of High-Frequency Stock Returns.” Computational Economics 40 (3): 245–64.

Regenstein, Jonathan K. 2018. Reproducible Finance with R: Code Flows and Shiny Apps for Portfolio Analysis. Chapman; Hall/CRC.

Ribeiro, Marco Tulio, Sameer Singh, and Carlos Guestrin. 2016. “Why Should I Trust You?: Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier.” In Proceedings of the 22nd Acm Sigkdd International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 1135–44. ACM.

Ridgeway, Greg, David Madigan, and Thomas Richardson. 1999. “Boosting Methodology for Regression Problems.” In AISTATS.

Ripley, Brian D. 2007. Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. Cambridge University Press.

Roberts, Gareth O, and Adrian FM Smith. 1994. “Simple Conditions for the Convergence of the Gibbs Sampler and Metropolis-Hastings Algorithms.” Stochastic Processes and Their Applications 49 (2): 207–16.

Romano, Joseph P, and Michael Wolf. 2005. “Stepwise Multiple Testing as Formalized Data Snooping.” Econometrica 73 (4): 1237–82.

———. 2013. “Testing for Monotonicity in Expected Asset Returns.” Journal of Empirical Finance 23: 93–116.

Rosenblatt, Frank. 1958. “The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain.” Psychological Review 65 (6): 386.

Ross, Stephen A. 1976. “The Arbitrage Theory of Capital Asset Pricing.” Journal of Economic Theory 13 (3): 341–60.

Rousseeuw, Peter J, and Annick M Leroy. 2005. Robust Regression and Outlier Detection. Vol. 589. Wiley.

Ruf, Johannes, and Weiguan Wang. 2019. “Neural Networks for Option Pricing and Hedging: A Literature Review.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1911.05620.

Santi, Caterina, and Remco CJ Zwinkels. 2018. “Exploring Style Herding by Mutual Funds.” SSRN Working Paper 2986059.

Sato, Yoshiharu. 2019. “Model-Free Reinforcement Learning for Financial Portfolios: A Brief Survey.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1904.04973.

Schafer, Joseph L. 1999. “Multiple Imputation: A Primer.” Statistical Methods in Medical Research 8 (1): 3–15.

Schapire, Robert E. 1990. “The Strength of Weak Learnability.” Machine Learning 5 (2): 197–227.

———. 2003. “The Boosting Approach to Machine Learning: An Overview.” In Nonlinear Estimation and Classification, 149–71. Springer.

Schapire, Robert E, and Yoav Freund. 2012. Boosting: Foundations and Algorithms. MIT press.

Schnaubelt, Matthias. 2019. “A Comparison of Machine Learning Model Validation Schemes for Non-Stationary Time Series Data.” FAU Discussion Papers in Economics.

Scornet, Erwan, Gérard Biau, Jean-Philippe Vert, and others. 2015. “Consistency of Random Forests.” Annals of Statistics 43 (4). Institute of Mathematical Statistics: 1716–41.

Seni, Giovanni, and John F Elder. 2010. “Ensemble Methods in Data Mining: Improving Accuracy Through Combining Predictions.” Synthesis Lectures on Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 2 (1): 1–126.

Settles, Burr. 2009. “Active Learning Literature Survey.” University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Computer Sciences.

———. 2012. “Active Learning.” Synthesis Lectures on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 6 (1): 1–114.

Shah, Anoop D, Jonathan W Bartlett, James Carpenter, Owen Nicholas, and Harry Hemingway. 2014. “Comparison of Random Forest and Parametric Imputation Models for Imputing Missing Data Using Mice: A Caliber Study.” American Journal of Epidemiology 179 (6): 764–74.

Shanken, Jay. 1992. “On the Estimation of Beta-Pricing Models.” Review of Financial Studies 5 (1): 1–33.

Shapley, Lloyd S. 1953. “A Value for N-Person Games.” Contributions to the Theory of Games 2 (28): 307–17.

Sharpe, William F. 1964. “Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium Under Conditions of Risk.” Journal of Finance 19 (3): 425–42.

———. 1966. “Mutual Fund Performance.” Journal of Business 39 (1): 119–38.

Silver, David, Aja Huang, Chris J Maddison, Arthur Guez, Laurent Sifre, George Van Den Driessche, Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Veda Panneershelvam, and Marc Lanctot. 2016. “Mastering the Game of Go with Deep Neural Networks and Tree Search.” Nature 529: 484–89.

Simonian, Joseph, Chenwei Wu, Daniel Itano, and Vyshaal Narayanam. 2019. “A Machine Learning Approach to Risk Factors: A Case Study Using the Fama-French-Carhart Model.” Journal of Financial Data Science 1 (1): 32–44.

Simonsohn, Uri, Leif D Nelson, and Joseph P Simmons. 2014. “P-Curve: A Key to the File-Drawer.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143 (2): 534.

Sirignano, Justin, and Rama Cont. 2019. “Universal Features of Price Formation in Financial Markets: Perspectives from Deep Learning.” Quantitative Finance 19 (9): 1449–59.

Smith, Leslie N. 2018. “A Disciplined Approach to Neural Network Hyper-Parameters: Part 1–Learning Rate, Batch Size, Momentum, and Weight Decay.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1803.09820.

Snoek, Jasper, Hugo Larochelle, and Ryan P Adams. 2012. “Practical Bayesian Optimization of Machine Learning Algorithms.” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2951–9.

Sparapani, Rodney, Charles Spanbauer, and Robert McCulloch. 2019. “The Bart R Package.” Comprehensive R Archive Network. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/BART/vignettes/the-BART-R-package.pdf.

Spirtes, Peter, Clark N Glymour, Richard Scheines, and David Heckerman. 2000. Causation, Prediction, and Search. MIT press.

Srivastava, Nitish, Geoffrey Hinton, Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov. 2014. “Dropout: A Simple Way to Prevent Neural Networks from Overfitting.” Journal of Machine Learning Research 15 (1): 1929–58.

Stambaugh, Robert F. 1999. “Predictive Regressions.” Journal of Financial Economics 54 (3): 375–421.

Staniak, Mateusz, and Przemyslaw Biecek. 2018. “Explanations of Model Predictions with Live and breakDown Packages.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1804.01955.

Stekhoven, Daniel J, and Peter Bühlmann. 2011. “MissForest—Non-Parametric Missing Value Imputation for Mixed-Type Data.” Bioinformatics 28 (1): 112–18.

Stevens, Guy VG. 1998. “On the Inverse of the Covariance Matrix in Portfolio Analysis.” Journal of Finance 53 (5): 1821–7.

Suhonen, Antti, Matthias Lennkh, and Fabrice Perez. 2017. “Quantifying Backtest Overfitting in Alternative Beta Strategies.” Journal of Portfolio Management 43 (2): 90–104.

Sutton, Richard S, and Andrew G Barto. 2018. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (2nd Edition). MIT press.

Tibshirani, Robert. 1996. “Regression Shrinkage and Selection via the Lasso.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 267–88.

Tierney, Luke. 1994. “Markov Chains for Exploring Posterior Distributions.” Annals of Statistics, 1701–28.

Tikka, Santtu, and Juha Karvanen. 2017. “Identifying Causal Effects with the R Package Causaleffect.” Journal of Statistical Software 76 (1): 1–30.

Timmermann, Allan. 2018. “Forecasting Methods in Finance.” Annual Review of Financial Economics 10: 449–79.

Ting, Kai Ming. 2002. “An Instance-Weighting Method to Induce Cost-Sensitive Trees.” IEEE Transactions on Knowledge & Data Engineering, no. 3: 659–65.

Treynor, Jack L. 1965. “How to Rate Management of Investment Funds.” Harvard Business Review 43 (1): 63–75.

Tsantekidis, Avraam, Nikolaos Passalis, Anastasios Tefas, Juho Kanniainen, Moncef Gabbouj, and Alexandros Iosifidis. 2017. “Forecasting Stock Prices from the Limit Order Book Using Convolutional Neural Networks.” In 2017 Ieee 19th Conference on Business Informatics (Cbi), 1:7–12.

Uematsu, Yoshimasa, and Shinya Tanaka. 2019. “High-Dimensional Macroeconomic Forecasting and Variable Selection via Penalized Regression.” Econometrics Journal 22 (1): 34–56.

Van Buuren, Stef. 2018. Flexible Imputation of Missing Data. Chapman; Hall/CRC.

Van Dijk, Mathijs A. 2011. “Is Size Dead? A Review of the Size Effect in Equity Returns.” Journal of Banking & Finance 35 (12): 3263–74.

Vapnik, Vladimir, and A. Lerner. 1963. “Pattern Recognition Using Generalized Portrait Method.” Automation and Remote Control 24: 774–80.

Vayanos, Dimitri, and Paul Woolley. 2013. “An Institutional Theory of Momentum and Reversal.” Review of Financial Studies 26 (5): 1087–1145.

Virtanen, Ilkka, and Paavo Yli-Olli. 1987. “Forecasting Stock Market Prices in a Thin Security Market.” Omega 15 (2): 145–55.

Volpati, Valerio, Michael Benzaquen, Zoltan Eisler, Iacopo Mastromatteo, Bence Toth, and Jean-Philippe Bouchaud. 2020. “Zooming in on Equity Factor Crowding.” arXiv Preprint, no. 2001.04185.

Von Holstein, Carl-Axel S Staël. 1972. “Probabilistic Forecasting: An Experiment Related to the Stock Market.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 8 (1): 139–58.

Wang, Gang, Jinxing Hao, Jian Ma, and Hongbing Jiang. 2011. “A Comparative Assessment of Ensemble Learning for Credit Scoring.” Expert Systems with Applications 38 (1): 223–30.

Wang, Haoran, and Xun Yu Zhou. 2019. “Continuous-Time Mean-Variance Portfolio Selection: A Reinforcement Learning Framework.” SSRN Working Paper 3382932.

Wang, Ju-Jie, Jian-Zhou Wang, Zhe-George Zhang, and Shu-Po Guo. 2012. “Stock Index Forecasting Based on a Hybrid Model.” Omega 40 (6): 758–66.

Wang, Wuyu, Weizi Li, Ning Zhang, and Kecheng Liu. 2019. “Portfolio Formation with Preselection Using Deep Learning from Long-Term Financial Data.” Expert Systems with Applications Forthcoming: XXX–XXX.

Watkins, Christopher JCH, and Peter Dayan. 1992. “Q-Learning.” Machine Learning 8 (3-4): 279–92.

Weiss, Karl, Taghi M Khoshgoftaar, and DingDing Wang. 2016. “A Survey of Transfer Learning.” Journal of Big Data 3 (1): 9.

White, Halbert. 1988. “Economic Prediction Using Neural Networks: The Case of Ibm Daily Stock Returns.”

———. 2000. “A Reality Check for Data Snooping.” Econometrica 68 (5): 1097–1126.

Wickham, Hadley, Mara Averick, Jennifer Bryan, Winston Chang, L McGowan, Romain François, Garrett Grolemund, et al. 2019. “Welcome to the Tidyverse.” Journal of Open Source Software 4 (43): 1686.

Widrow, Bernard, and Marcian E Hoff. 1960. “Adaptive Switching Circuits.” In IRE Wescon Convention Record, 4:96–104.

Wolpert, David H. 1992a. “On the Connection Between in-Sample Testing and Generalization Error.” Complex Systems 6 (1): 47.

———. 1992b. “Stacked Generalization.” Neural Networks 5 (2): 241–59.

Wolpert, David H, and William G Macready. 1997. “No Free Lunch Theorems for Optimization.” IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 1 (1): 67–82.

Xiong, Zhuoran, Xiao-Yang Liu, Shan Zhong, Hongyang Yang, and Anwar Walid. 2018. “Practical Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Stock Trading.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1811.07522.

Yang, Steve Y, Yangyang Yu, and Saud Almahdi. 2018. “An Investor Sentiment Reward-Based Trading System Using Gaussian Inverse Reinforcement Learning Algorithm.” Expert Systems with Applications 114: 388–401.

Yu, Pengqian, Joon Sern Lee, Ilya Kulyatin, Zekun Shi, and Sakyasingha Dasgupta. 2019. “Model-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Portfolio Optimization.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1901.08740.

Zeiler, Matthew D. 2012. “ADADELTA: An Adaptive Learning Rate Method.” arXiv Preprint, no. 1212.5701.

Zhang, Cha, and Yunqian Ma. 2012. Ensemble Machine Learning: Methods and Applications. Springer.

Zhang, Yudong, and Lenan Wu. 2009. “Stock Market Prediction of S&P 500 via Combination of Improved Bco Approach and Bp Neural Network.” Expert Systems with Applications 36 (5): 8849–54.

Zhao, Qingyuan, and Trevor Hastie. 2019. “Causal Interpretations of Black-Box Models.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, nos. just-accepted: 1–19.

Zhou, Zhi-Hua. 2012. Ensemble Methods: Foundations and Algorithms. Chapman; Hall/CRC.

Zou, Hui, and Trevor Hastie. 2005. “Regularization and Variable Selection via the Elastic Net.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology) 67 (2): 301–20.